Skip to content

Fibromyalgia

Person holding shoulder / top of back

What is Fibromyalgia?

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain, fatigue, and other symptoms affecting the muscles, ligaments, and tendons throughout the body. It is often accompanied by sleep disturbances, cognitive issues (sometimes referred to as "fibro fog"), and emotional distress. Fibromyalgia is a disorder that affects how the brain processes pain signals, leading to an increased perception of pain. It can affect people of all ages but is most commonly diagnosed in adults, particularly women.

Causes of Fibromyalgia

The exact cause of fibromyalgia is not well understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:
  1. Abnormal Pain Processing: People with fibromyalgia may experience an abnormal response to pain signals in the brain and nervous system, making them more sensitive to pain.
  2. Genetic Factors: A family history of fibromyalgia or other chronic pain conditions may increase the likelihood of developing fibromyalgia, suggesting a genetic predisposition.
  3. Infections or Illnesses: In some cases, fibromyalgia can be triggered or worsened by an infection or illness. The condition may develop after a viral or bacterial infection, such as the flu, or a physical trauma like a car accident.
  4. Physical or Emotional Stress: Chronic stress, physical trauma, or emotional distress can contribute to the development of fibromyalgia or make symptoms worse.
  5. Sleep Disorders: Many people with fibromyalgia experience sleep disturbances, which can further exacerbate pain and fatigue.

Risk Factors for Fibromyalgia

While anyone can develop fibromyalgia, certain factors increase the likelihood of developing this condition:
  • Age: Fibromyalgia can occur at any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 60.
  • Gender: Women are more likely to develop fibromyalgia than men. It is estimated that women are about nine times more likely to be diagnosed with the condition.
  • Family History: Having a family member with fibromyalgia or other chronic pain conditions can increase the risk of developing the disorder.
  • Other Health Conditions: People with certain health conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or irritable bowel syndrome, are at a higher risk for developing fibromyalgia.
  • Trauma or Injury: Physical trauma, like an accident or injury, may trigger fibromyalgia symptoms, though not everyone who experiences trauma will develop the condition.

Symptoms of Fibromyalgia

The symptoms of fibromyalgia can vary in severity and may come and go. Common symptoms include:
  • Widespread Pain: The most prominent symptom is persistent pain throughout the body, especially in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons. This pain may feel like a dull ache or sharp stabbing sensation and is often accompanied by stiffness.
  • Fatigue: People with fibromyalgia often experience overwhelming fatigue, even after a full night's sleep. This tiredness can interfere with daily activities and quality of life.
  • Sleep Problems: Many individuals with fibromyalgia have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep is often non-refreshing, meaning people wake up feeling tired despite having slept for several hours.
  • Cognitive Dysfunction ("Fibro Fog"): Many individuals with fibromyalgia experience cognitive issues, such as trouble concentrating, poor memory, and difficulty focusing on tasks.
  • Headaches: People with fibromyalgia may experience frequent tension headaches or migraines.
  • Other Symptoms: Fibromyalgia can also cause numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, depression, anxiety, and digestive issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

How is Fibromyalgia Diagnosed?

There is no single test to diagnose fibromyalgia, and the process typically involves a thorough evaluation. To diagnose fibromyalgia, healthcare providers may:
  1. Review Symptoms: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, including pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, as well as their duration and how they affect your daily life.
  2. Physical Exam: A physical examination is done to check for tender points on the body, which are common in fibromyalgia. These points are specific areas where pressure causes pain.
  3. Medical History: The doctor will also review your medical history and any existing health conditions to rule out other causes of your symptoms.
  4. Exclusion of Other Conditions: Since there are no specific tests for fibromyalgia, the doctor may order blood tests or imaging studies to exclude other conditions that could explain your symptoms, such as rheumatoid arthritis or thyroid disorders.
  5. Pain Scale: Your doctor may use pain scales to assess the level and location of your pain and how it affects your daily life.

Treatment for Fibromyalgia

There is no cure for fibromyalgia, but several treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment often involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Non-Medical Treatments:
  1. Physical Therapy: A physical therapist can design an exercise program that improves flexibility, strength, and endurance without overexerting the body. Regular, low-impact activities like swimming, walking, or yoga can be particularly helpful.
  2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a form of talk therapy that can help individuals with fibromyalgia cope with pain, fatigue, and other challenges by changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
  3. Stress Management: Techniques such as deep breathing, relaxation exercises, meditation, and mindfulness can help reduce stress, which may exacerbate symptoms.

Medications:
  1. Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen, can help reduce mild pain and inflammation. For more severe pain, prescription medications may be prescribed.
  2. Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants, such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) or milnacipran (Savella), can help reduce pain and improve sleep in people with fibromyalgia.
  3. Anti-Seizure Medications: Medications like pregabalin (Lyrica) and gabapentin (Neurontin), which are commonly used to treat seizures, can also help reduce nerve pain and improve sleep.
  4. Sleep Aids: Medications to help with sleep may be prescribed if sleep disturbances are a significant issue.

Lifestyle Modifications:
  1. Exercise: Low-impact exercises, such as swimming, walking, or cycling, can help improve strength, reduce pain, and improve sleep quality. Gradually increasing activity levels is important to avoid overexertion.
  2. Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins may help manage symptoms.
    3. Avoiding caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime can improve sleep quality.
  3. Good Sleep Hygiene: Establishing a regular sleep routine and making your sleep environment more comfortable can help alleviate sleep disturbances.
  4. Pacing and Rest: Learning how to pace activities, take breaks, and avoid overexertion can help prevent flare-ups of symptoms.

Prevention of Fibromyalgia

Since the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unclear, it is not possible to prevent the condition. However, adopting healthy habits and managing stress may help reduce the risk of developing fibromyalgia or worsening symptoms. Some preventive measures include:
  • Stress Management: Practicing relaxation techniques and managing stress can help prevent flare-ups of symptoms.
  • Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular, low-impact physical activities can help manage symptoms and improve overall health.
  • Healthy Sleep Habits: Prioritizing sleep and practicing good sleep hygiene can help reduce fatigue and improve quality of life.

Outlook for Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that may last for years, but with proper management, most people with the condition can lead active and fulfilling lives. Treatment aims to manage symptoms, reduce pain, and improve overall well-being. Many people find relief with a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and make adjustments as necessary to manage the condition effectively. Regular check-ups and support from healthcare professionals can help you stay on top of managing your fibromyalgia symptoms.

Further information

Last updated24 Apr 2025